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方向控制阀
类型:单向阀、换向阀
一、单向阀
类型:普通单向阀、液控单向阀
1、普通单向阀
作用:只允许油液沿一个方向流动，不允许油液反向倒流(起止回作用)
对单向阀的性能要求:
(1) 正向导通时，压力损失要小;
(2)反向截止时，密封性要好。
2、
液控单向阀
作用:
(1)起止回作用;
(2)必要时解除逆止，允许油液反向通过。
3、单向阀用途
(1)止回作用:安装在泵的出口，p.=0.3~0.5 bar
(2)作背压阀用:防止液压缸前冲或爬行，使系统作平稳。
(3)作锁紧装置用:起重机支腿、夹紧回路等。
(4)保持控制油路有必要的压力: Pr≥P液挖
(5)作复合阀使用:单向节流阀、单向顺序阀、单向减压阀、单向调速阀等。
(6)局部回路作安全阀使用: Ppr>P换热器正常工作的距力
二、换向阀
作用:
利用阀芯相对于阀体间的相对位置改变，使油路接通、关断，或改变油流的方向，从而使液压执行元件启动、停止或变换运动方向。
1、对换向阀的性能要求
(1)油液导通时压力损失要小;
(2)油液断开时泄漏要小;
(3)阀芯换位时操纵力要小。
2、类型
按阀芯的形状分类滑阀{包括控制部分、主体部分(位、通)}、转阀
按阀的安装方式分类:管式、板式、法兰式。
按操纵方式分类: 
手动、机动、电动、弹簧控制、液动、液压先导控制、电液动等。
3、换向阀主体结构与工作原理
几种典型换向阀的结构
1、手动换向阀
2、机动换向阀，又称行程阀。
它是借助于安装在工作台上的挡铁或凸轮来迫使阀芯移动。通常是二位的，有二通、三通、四通和五通几种，其中二位二通机动阀又分常闭和常开两种。
③电磁换向阀
工作原理:
利用电磁铁的通电吸合与断电释放而直接推动阀芯来控制液流方向的。
类型:
交流(D,36V或220V或380V)
直流(E,24V或100V )
干式、湿式
交流电磁铁:使用电压为交流110、220、380V。特点是启动力较大，不需要专门的电源，吸合、释放快，动作时间约为0.01 ~0.03s。缺点是电源电压下降15%以上，电磁铁吸力明显减小，若衔铁不动作，干式电磁铁会在10~15min (湿式1~1.5h) 后烧坏线圈，且冲击及噪声较大，寿命低，允许切换频率为10次1分。
直流电磁铁:使用电压为直流110和24V,工作可靠，吸合释放时间约为0.05~ 0.08s,切换频率般为120次/分，冲击小、体积小、寿命长，但需要专门的直流电源，成本较高。
交流本整型电磁铁:电磁铁是直流的，电磁铁本身带整流器，通入交流电经整流后再供给直流电磁铁。
干式电磁铁:电磁铁线圈、铁芯与轭铁处于空气中而不和油液接触。电磁铁与阀连接时，在推杆处设置密封圈，避免了油液进入电磁铁，而且装拆方便。为了防止回油进入干式电磁铁中，要求换向阀的回油压力不能太高。
湿式电磁铁:湿式电磁铁的推杆与阀芯连成一体,取消了推杆处的动密封，所以摩擦力小，复位性能好，冷却润滑好，工作寿命长。
特点:
(1)动作迅速，操作轻便，便于远距离控制;
(2)因受电磁铁尺寸与推力的限制，仅能控制小流量(小于63 L (min)的液流;
(3)电磁铁通断电需电信号控制:如设备中的按钮开关、限位开关、行程开关等; 
(4)换向快，易产生液压冲击。

力士乐叠加阀Z1S6P30-40/V

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液压或气动技术在工业中的应用
液压传动和气压传动统称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理，利用液体与气体来传递能量的一门新兴技术，是工农业生产中广为应用的一门技术。液压技术最初用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，后来随着技术的逐步进步，介质改为油，至今大部分的液压机械仍然是使用油作为介质，但制造出来的产品无论在性能、范围、用途等各方面都是以往的技术所不能比及的。经过二百多年的发展，到如今，流体与气体传动技术水平的高低已成为一个国家工业发展水平的重要标志。液压与气动技术开始大范围的应用是在二十世纪，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在19世纪术20世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925年维克斯发明了压力平衡式叶片泵，为近代液压元件工业或液压传动标准的逐步建立奠定了基础。20世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克对能量波动传递进行了理论及实际研究。
液压技术一般应用于重型、大型、特大型设备，如冶金行业轧机压下系统，连铸机压下系统等;高速响应随动系统等工程机械，抗冲击，要求功重比较高系统一般都采用液压系统，这是应用液压技术的三个领域。